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The integrated approach of mosquito control: This is an approach that avoids the excessive use of any one method (e.g insecticides) but tries to combine one or more methods with a view to obtain maximum results with minimum inputs and also to prevent environmental pollution with toxic chemicals & development of insecticide resistance. The various methods of mosquito control are as follows: 1. Anti- Larval Measures: (a) Environmental Control: Important Points: Source reduction : Mainly the elimination of mosquito breeding places by minor engineering methods such as  Filling- of cesspools & open ditches and arrangement for adequate collection, removal, and disposal of sewage & wastewater. Leveling & getting rid of water-holding containers such as discarded tins, empty pots, broken bottles, coconut shells, etc. Drainage of breeding places, and  Water management (e.g intermittent irrigation) & removal of aquatic plants or destruction by herbicides. Rendering the water u

 As per “Bio-medical Waste Management Rules, 2016”  1. Yellow Bin/ Bag: Type of Bag/  Container used:  Non-chlorinated  plastic bags Type of Waste:  1. Human Anatomical Waste A. Tissues, organs, body parts B. Foetus, Umbilical stump, placenta 2. Animal Anatomical Waste:  Tissues, Organs, body parts 3. Soiled Waste:  items contaminated with blood and body fluids A. Dressings, sponges, gauze B. Plaster casts C. Cotton swabs D. Blood bags E. Infected gowns, mask, shoe covers, cap 4.  Expired or Discarded  Medicines:   including antibiotics (except cytotoxic) 5. Chemical Waste: A. Discarded disinfectants, Cleaning agents B. X-ray film developing liquid, Infected secretions C. Aspirated body fluids, Liquid from laboratories 6. Microbiology, Biotechnology, and other clinical  lab waste 7. Chemical Liquid Waste Yellow bin/ bag with the cytotoxic label: 1. Used, discarded, and expired cytotoxic drugs whether in plastic vaccutainers, syringes, glass  vials, ampoules, glass bottles. The containe

Culex Mosquito: Also known as "nuisance mosquitoes". Culex fatigans is a vector of Bancroftian filariasis in India. It breeds profusely in dirty water collections e.g. stagnant drains, cesspools, septic tanks, burrow pits, & in fact all types of water collections. 1. Eggs: Important points: Lays eggs in small clusters or rafts.  Each raft contains 100-250 eggs. Eggs are oval-shaped. The eggs do not possess lateral floats. 2. Larva: Important points: Suspended in water with their heads downwards.  Possess a siphon tube, situated on the 8th abdominal segment.  Bottomfeeder. No palmate hairs. This stage lasts for 5-7 days. 3. Pupa: Important points: Comma shaped in appearance, with a large rounded cephalothorax & a narrow abdomen. The Siphon tube is long & narrow.  It represents the resting stage.  4. Adult:  Important points: A strong winged mosquito & can fly up to 11 km in rural areas.  Highly anthrophillic.  When at rest, the body exhibits a hunch back &

Anopheles Mosquito: Also known as the sophisticated mosquito. The flight range is 3-5 km. Around 45 species of anopheles mosquitoes have been found in India but only a few of them have been incriminated as vectors or carriers of malaria. These are An. fluviatilis & An. minimum (foot-hill regions), An. sundaicus & An. stephensi (coastal regions) and An culicifacies & An. philippinensis (planes). 1. Eggs: Important points: Eggs laid on the surface of the clean water. 100-250 at a time. This stage lasts for 1-2 days. Laid singly, boat-shaped & possess lateral floats. 2. Larva: Important points: The larva is a free-swimming creature. Passes through 4 stages called ' instars ' with moulting between each stage. Floats horizontally in water/ rests parallel to the water surface. No siphon tube at the tip of its abdomen.  Palmate hairs present on abdominal segments. 3. Pupa: Important points: The pupa is comma-shaped in appearance, with a large rounded cephalothorax and

  1. Sanitation Barrier: Important points: Disease agents transmitted to a new host through various channels: 1. water/ fluids , 2. fingers , 3. flies , 4. soil , and 5. food   The disease cycle may be broken at various levels: 1. protection of water , 2. personal hygiene , 3. control of flies , 4. segregation of faeces , and 5. protection of foods The most effective step would be to segregate the faeces & arrange for proper disposal so that the disease agent cannot reach the new host, directly or indirectly. The segregation of the excreta by imposing a barrier called the " sanitation barrier " which can be provided by a 'sanitary latrine' and disposal pit. 2. Borehole latrine: Important points:   It was first introduced by the Rockefeller foundation during 1930s in campaigns of hookworm control. It consists of a circular hole of 30-40 cm (12-16 in.) in diameter. Dug vertically into the ground to a depth of 4 to 8 m (13-26 ft.), most commonly 6 m (20 ft.). Auger