Spotters in "Nutrition and Health: Nutritional problems in public health" for CFM & MPH students
1. Low birth weight:
![Care for Babies with Low Birth Weight - Childs Care](https://childs-care.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Low-birth-weight.jpg)
Important features:
- Birth weight less than 2500 gm is called Low birth weight
- In India 18.6% babies born are LBW as compared to 4% in developed countries
- Among LBW babies majority are suffering from foetal growth retardation and preterm
- Maternal malnutrition & anaemia are significant risk factors
- Other causes are hard physical labour during pregnancy, infections, short maternal stature, very young age, high parity, smoking, close birth intervals
2. Under nutrition:
(a) Kwashiorkor:
![Kwashiorkor - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics](https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/3-s2.0-B9780123864567020165-f02016-12-9780123864567.jpg)
Important features:
- It is a severe form of protein energy malnutrition
- Main cause is inadequate protein intake & low concentration of essential amino acids
- Protein/ Energy ratio is low in diet
- Main symptoms are oedema, wasting, liver enlargement, hypoalbuminaemia, steatosis and depigmentation of skin and hair (flag sign)
(b) Marasmus:
![a and b: (a) Severe wasting, (b) Marasmus with gluteal skin folds ...](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rannakoe_Lehloenya/publication/325943667/figure/fig70/AS:650276482588688@1532049403446/a-and-b-a-Severe-wasting-b-Marasmus-with-gluteal-skin-folds-baggy-pants-sign.png)
Important features:
- It is also severe form of protein energy malnutrition
- Caused by inadequate intake of both protein and energy
- A form of severe cachexia with weight loss as a result of wasting in infancy & childhood
- Main symptoms are severe wasting with little or no oedema, minimal subcutaneous fat, severe muscle wasting & non-normal albumin levels
3. Xerophthalmia:
![Xerophthalmia – Gluten Free Works: TREATMENT GUIDE](https://glutenfreeworks.com/health/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/xerosis-xeophthalmia.jpg)
Important features:
- Xerophthalmia or dry eye refers to all the ocular manifestations of vitamin A deficiency in humans
- Most common in children of age group 1-3 years
- Often related to weaning
- Younger the child more severe is the disease
- Victims mostly belong to poor families
- Risk factors are ignorance, faulty feeding practices, infections example diarrhoea & measles
- Preventive measures are administration of large doses of vitamin A, food fortification, good feeding practices & immunization
4. Nutritional anaemia:
![Herbal Remedies for Anaemia, Ayurvedic Treatment - Causes & Symptoms](https://www.planetayurveda.com/pa-wp-images/anaemia.jpg)
Important features:
- It is a disease syndrome caused by malnutrition
- Hb % of blood is lower than normal
- Caused mostly by iron deficiency & less frequently by folate and vitamin B12 deficiency
- Has many detrimental effects of health
- Preventive measures are iron & folic acid supplementation, food fortification, good dietary habits, control of parasites & nutritional education
5. Iodine deficiency disorders:
![The Iodine Deficiency Disorders - Endotext - NCBI Bookshelf](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK285556/bin/tyd-iodine-deficienc_34-2a.jpg)
![7 Signs of an Iodine Deficiency to Never Ignore »](https://cdn.powerofpositivity.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/7-Signs-of-an-Iodine-Deficiency-to-Never-Ignore.jpg)
Important features:
- Around 71 million people suffering from IDD in india
- There are 4 essential components of National iodine deficiency disorders control programme
- These preventive measures are iodized salt or oil, monitoring or surveillance, manpower training & mass communication
6. Endemic fluorosis:
![Dental fluorosis causes, prevention, symptoms & dental fluorosis ...](https://healthjade.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/dental-fluorosis.jpg)
![Dentistry and Medicine: Dental Fluorosis](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz2CwEEvMb8x_O2nvX8oLhdLlrWExswkQySpKGBsbhbf5FvbcFUj_fGT8pZpDRxTY2jRF8NarwIpoqjvRHV4tC4R9mP50lAO1ytSD8LTnrtbT7aZI1fafsyqFzQHisGRxXLI95A08rPe0/w546-h356/dental-fluorosis.jpg)
Important features:
- Manifests as dental fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis & genu valgum
- Occurs in areas where fluorine is excess (1.5 mg/L to 6 mg/L) in drinking water
- Preventive interventions are changing the water source & chemical treatment of water example by Nalgonda technique
7. Lathyrism:
![ODAP/BOAA: Its Genetics and Breeding Approaches in Lathyrus lathyrus](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/boaalathyrus-170509204951/95/odapboaa-its-genetics-and-breeding-approaches-in-lathyrus-lathyrus-10-638.jpg?cb=1494363068)
![Patients with lathyrism. | Download Scientific Diagram](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Usha_Misra/publication/14998593/figure/fig1/AS:601643930370071@1520454499389/Patients-with-lathyrism_Q640.jpg)
Important features:
- It is paralyzing disease of humans & animals
- In humans it is called neurolathyrism & in animals osteolathyrism
- Neurolathyrism is characterized by gradually developing spastic paralysis of lower limbs
- Occurs mostly in adults consuming the Khesari dal (Lathyrus sativus) in large qunatities due to toxin BOAA
- Stages of lathyrism are latent stage, no-stick stage, one-stick stage, two-stick stage & crawler stage
- Preventive interventions are vitamin C prophylaxis, banning the crop, removal of toxin, parboiling & educaion
References:- Park, K. (2019). Park's textbook of preventive and social medicine. 25th. Jabalpur, India: M/S Banarsidas Bhanot.
- Kadri AM. (2019). IAPSM's Textbook of Community Medicine. 1st. New Delhi, India: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.
- https://childs-care.com/care-for-babies-low-birth-weight/ photo credit
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nutrition-children/undernutrition-behind-third-of-child-deaths-studies-idUSL1652413820080117 photo credit
- https://glutenfreeworks.com/health/xerophthalmia-2/ photo credit
- https://www.planetayurveda.com/library/anaemia/ photo credit
- http://sydneygutclinic.com/the-primary-strategies-for-treating-anaemia/ photo credit
- https://www.memorangapp.com/flashcards/136011/CS+9:+Geriatric+Anemia/ photo credit
- https://www.powerofpositivity.com/7-signs-of-an-iodine-deficiency-to-never-ignore/ photo credit
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK285556/ photo credit
- https://healthjade.com/fluorosis/ photo credit
- https://dentistryandmedicine.blogspot.com/2015/08/dental-fluorosis.html photo credit
- https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Patients-with-lathyrism_fig1_14998593 photo credit
- https://www.slideshare.net/SopanZuge/odapboaa-its-genetics-and-breeding-approaches-in-lathyrus-lathyrus photo credit
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/kwashiorkor photo credit
- https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/643941/view/child-with-kwashiorkor photo credit
- https://www.researchgate.net/figure/a-and-b-a-Severe-wasting-b-Marasmus-with-gluteal-skin-folds-baggy-pants-sign_fig70_325943667 photo credit
- Park, K. (2019). Park's textbook of preventive and social medicine. 25th. Jabalpur, India: M/S Banarsidas Bhanot.
- Kadri AM. (2019). IAPSM's Textbook of Community Medicine. 1st. New Delhi, India: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.
- https://childs-care.com/care-for-babies-low-birth-weight/ photo credit
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nutrition-children/undernutrition-behind-third-of-child-deaths-studies-idUSL1652413820080117 photo credit
- https://glutenfreeworks.com/health/xerophthalmia-2/ photo credit
- https://www.planetayurveda.com/library/anaemia/ photo credit
- http://sydneygutclinic.com/the-primary-strategies-for-treating-anaemia/ photo credit
- https://www.memorangapp.com/flashcards/136011/CS+9:+Geriatric+Anemia/ photo credit
- https://www.powerofpositivity.com/7-signs-of-an-iodine-deficiency-to-never-ignore/ photo credit
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK285556/ photo credit
- https://healthjade.com/fluorosis/ photo credit
- https://dentistryandmedicine.blogspot.com/2015/08/dental-fluorosis.html photo credit
- https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Patients-with-lathyrism_fig1_14998593 photo credit
- https://www.slideshare.net/SopanZuge/odapboaa-its-genetics-and-breeding-approaches-in-lathyrus-lathyrus photo credit
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/kwashiorkor photo credit
- https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/643941/view/child-with-kwashiorkor photo credit
- https://www.researchgate.net/figure/a-and-b-a-Severe-wasting-b-Marasmus-with-gluteal-skin-folds-baggy-pants-sign_fig70_325943667 photo credit
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