Link to the stepper motor demo video

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Design equations of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna

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Following design equation can be used to calculate the width and length of rectangular microstrip patch antenna and simulation of 2.4 GHz inset-feed rectangular patch antenna can be found in follwing video.  Microstrip antenna with inset-feed line                           Part-1 Design step for the calculation of W and L Step-1 : To calcualte width 'W' use follwing formula Step-2:   Calculate the effective dielectric constant using formula below. Here    ' ε r '  is relative  dielectric constant of the material. 'h' is height of the substrate and W is the width of patch calculated in first step. Step-3:   Calculate ΔL using formula below. Step-4:   Calculate length of the patch using formula below. v 0    is speed of light in free space. Part-2 Feedline calculation Step-1:   Calculate the input impdedance of the patch using follwing formula. (Typically between 200  Ω  to 250  Ω. You can assume 225  Ω for simplic
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Spotters in "Hospital Waste Management" for CFM & MPH students

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 As per “Bio-medical Waste Management Rules, 2016”  1. Yellow Bin/ Bag: Type of Bag/  Container used:  Non-chlorinated  plastic bags Type of Waste:  1. Human Anatomical Waste A. Tissues, organs, body parts B. Foetus, Umbilical stump, placenta 2. Animal Anatomical Waste:  Tissues, Organs, body parts 3. Soiled Waste:  items contaminated with blood and body fluids A. Dressings, sponges, gauze B. Plaster casts C. Cotton swabs D. Blood bags E. Infected gowns, mask, shoe covers, cap 4.  Expired or Discarded  Medicines:   including antibiotics (except cytotoxic) 5. Chemical Waste: A. Discarded disinfectants, Cleaning agents B. X-ray film developing liquid, Infected secretions C. Aspirated body fluids, Liquid from laboratories 6. Microbiology, Biotechnology, and other clinical  lab waste 7. Chemical Liquid Waste Yellow bin/ bag with the cytotoxic label: 1. Used, discarded, and expired cytotoxic drugs whether in plastic vaccutainers, syringes, glass  vials, ampoules, glass bottles. The containe
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ORS : A boon in dehydration

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What is ORS? Oral re-hydration salts: It is a glucose-electrolyte formula given by WHO/UNICEF, used for correction of acute diarrhea due to all causes and dehydration in all age groups with aim to reduce mortality. It is available in powder form in sachets/ ready-made solution or it can be easily made at home. How it works? The combination of electrolytes and sugar together stimulates water and electrolyte absorption from the gut and hence  capable of correcting water and electrolyte deficit in conditions such as diarrhea and vomiting. Reasons to celebrate ORS day? ORS Day is celebrated every year on 29th July:  To spread awareness about the importance of Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) as a low cost method of health intervention.   Among infants and young children, acute diarrhoeal diseases are one of the leading causes of mortality in many developing countries.   Dehydration particularly affects infants, children and old people.  Diarrhea normally lasts for several days, and leaves the
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Spotters in "Family Planning: Barrier Contraceptive Methods" for CFM & MPH students

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  Physical methods: 1. Male Condom: Important points: It is a thin sheath made up of latex or other material Most widely known & used barrier method by males An effective, simple spacing method without side effects Mechanism of action: Acts as a physical barrier & prevents the semen from being deposited in female genital tract Pearl index/ Failure rate: 2-3 to 14 per 100 women years Advantages:   Easily available, safe & inexpensive, easy to use & do not require medical supervision, no side effects, light compact and disposable, provides protection not only against pregnancy but also against STDs Disadvantages: It may tear or slip off during coitus due to incorrect use, interferes with sex sensation locally,  Manufactured in India by Hindustan Latex in Trivandrum, London Rubber industries Chennai  2. Female Condom: Important points: It is a pouch made of thin plastic, polyurethane, which lines the vagina Has two rings,a thick inner ring with closed end, which is plac
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World Sepsis Day 2020: Let's talk to Prevent Sepsis & Save lives

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What is sepsis? Sepsis is extreme response of the body to an infection which occurs when an infection (you already have —in your skin, lungs, urinary tract, or somewhere else) triggers a chain reaction throughout the body.  Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction  & a medical emergency. If not recognized early and managed promptly, it can lead to septic shock, multiple organ failure and death.  What is the need of awareness? Sepsis is a syndromic response to infection and is mostly a final common pathway to death from many infectious diseases worldwide particularly in low- and middle-income countries where it represents a major cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Sepsis patients with resistant pathogens have been found to have a higher risk of hospital mortality.  When is it celebrated? World Sepsis Day is held on September 13th every year and is an opportunity for people worldwide to unite in the fight against sepsis. It is  used to educate even more pe
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Spotters in "Family Planning: Intra-uterine Devices (IUD) Contraceptive Methods" for CFM & MPH students

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  First generation IUDs: Comprise the inert or non-medicated devices, usually made of polyethylene or other polymers. Appeared in different shapes and sizes. 1. Grafenberg rings: Important points: A flexible ring of silk Later versions were wrapped in silver wire Introduced by German gynecologist Ernst Grafenberg in 1929 Creates a hostile environment for sperm due to inflammatory response Obsolete     2. Ota ring: Important points: It is a variation of Grafenberg ring Developed by Japanese physician Tenrej Ota It contained a supportive structure in the center to lower the expulsion rate Obsolete 3.  Birnberg’s bow: Important points: Figure of 8 shaped Made of polyethylene Obsolete 4. Lippes Loop: Important points: A double-S shaped device made of polyethylene Polyethylene is a non-toxic, non-tissue reactive & extremely durable Contains a small amount of barium sulfate to allow X-ray observation It has attached threads /tail (nylon) which project into vagina after insertion & ma
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Spotters in "Environment and Health: Insecticides" for CFM & MPH students

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Insecticides:   These are substances that are used to kill insects.  Pesticides:   It is a general term that includes  insecticides, fungicides rodenticides, herbicides,  disinfectants, repellents, and other chemicals used for the  control of pests. Insecticides are classified into 3 groups: Contact  poisons, Stomach poisons and Fumigants.  CONTACT  POISONS: These are those insecticides that kill insects primarily by contact  e.g., pyrethrum, DDT, HCH, dieldrin.  STOMACH POISONS: These  are those insecticides which when ingested cause the death of the  insects, e.g., Paris green, sodium fluoride.  FUMIGANTS: These are  those insecticides that give off vapours that have a lethal effect on  the insects, e.g., sulphur dioxide. 1. DDT  (Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane) :  It was first  synthesized in 1874, by a German chemist, Ziedler . I ts insecticidal properties were discovered by the Swiss  scientist, Paul Muller in  1939 .  Important points: PROPERTIES: It is a white  amorphous
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